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OK, KNOW THAT WE HAVE THAT OUT OF THE WAY, IN THIS THREAD YOU WILL FIND INFO, THAT I HAVE FOUND PERTINENT TO THE TOPIC AT HAND *INSULIN-
what is insulin?
Insulin is a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas that controls the metabolism and cellular uptake of sugars, proteins, and fats. As a drug, it is used principally to control diabetes. Insulin is not a steroid.
Why Would u want to use insulin?
Insulin has been called "Anabolicus Maximus" by some gurus of the bodybuilding world. Insulin can give you greater gains than you have ever had using anabolics alone. Insulin, in combination with androgens and resistance exercise, may trigger maturation of satellite muscle cells (small, more or less useless cells that are held in reserve, which do not contribute to muscular strength) into mature muscle cells that do contribute to muscular size and strength. How freakin cool is that. Hyperinsulinemia has been shown to stimulate protein synthesis in isolated limb infusion experiments , these anabolic properties seem to be the result of insulin binding to IGF-1 receptors.
How much insulin should u take?
I recommend never using more than 20iu. 10IU is enough to make you grow.
In general Dosages used are usually 1-4 IU per 20 pounds of "lean bodyweight."
So a 220lb bodybuilder with 9% body-fat would use 10iu of insulin(aprox200lb lean mass/20 = 10iu).
But even experienced insulin users shouldn't use max dosage at the beginning of an insulin cycle. First-time users should start at a low dosage and gradually work up. For example, first begin with 2 IU and then increase the dosage by 1 IU every consecutive workout until you reach your calculated dose or determine a maximum personal dose(some people are more sensitive to insulin sides like hypoglycemia). This will allow the athlete to determine a dosage he can safely use. Insulin dosages can vary significantly among athletes and are dependent upon insulin sensitivity and the use of other drugs. Athletes using growth hormone and thyroid might have higher insulin requirements.
When do u take insulin?
It is my opinion that you should only take insulin after a work out, never before or when not working out, because before a work out you could crash and die during the workout and when your not working out it makes you fat. Some people disagree with this. IF you want, get some info from them and try it. But remember I told ya so.
When do u eat after using insulin?
Immediately!!! DO NOT TRY TO TIME YOUR CONSUMPTION OF CARBS!! You should immediately take a carbohydrate AND protein drink after taking you're insulin. I've stated this twice because it is very important. Even experienced insulin users can get a surprise now and then.
Eat a meal at about an hour after using insulin. Consume another small high protein medium carb low fat meal at 2.5 hours after the injection. keep some gatoraid on hand just to make sure. Remember that insulin can still work much later so be careful and eat if you feel hypoglycemia symptoms.
INSULIN AND THYROID HORMONES
With the huge increases in fat mass often accompanying insulin use, it seems like a simple solution to use thyroid hormone. Unfortunately, this doesn't work out very well. The reason is that thyroid hormone (specifically T3 and possibly T4) increases the amount of the "bad" IGF1-BP's mentioned earlier;IGFBP2 and IGFBP4. This may not seem like a big deal if one is not using drugs to stimulate IGF-1 synthesis, but IGF-1 levels are naturally stimulated through acts like stretching, and even natural testosterone/GH increases. All of these things normally accompany workouts (if you know what you're doing), which is the best time to take insulin. So by having all of the free IGF-1 bound by IGFBP3s' evil siblings, much of the anabolic effect of insulin is lost! Since T3 (triiodothyronine) is the main culprit, does that mean that T4 (tetraiodothyronine) can be used with no detrimental effect? NO, because T4 is mostly effective by converting to T3, which leaves you with the same problem. In fact, T4 could very well do the same thing. So if you want to maximize the anabolic effectiveness of insulin while minimizing bodyfat accumulation, use another fat burner and leave the thyroid alone.
ALSO IMO, YOU SHOULD NOT USE ALCOHOL, IT THINS BLOOD AND LOWERS BOOLD SUGAR LEVELS!!!
INSULIN AND CLENBUTEROL UPDATE
This may look like an ideal combination at first, but research has shown why my muscle gains with this combo were minimal. Clen reduces insulin sensitivity, which means that insulin will have a much harder time doing its' anabolic job on muscle tissue. In addition to storing amino acids as muscle, insulin also stores carbs in muscle (which gives a very "full" look to the muscles), which reduced insulin sensitivity also hinders. This is also combined with the fact that clen reduces Glut-4 transporters (which allow glucose passage, and subsequent storage, into muscle) in skeletal muscle which probably accounts for clens' ability to reduce muscle glycogen concentration. On a lighter note, the fat burning effects of clen are potentiated by aspirin and caffeine (through personal experience) but still die off after a few weeks. Overall the only time I would recommend this combination occurs when coming off a cycle and every bit of anabolism is needed, otherwise the two drugs have a bad effect (from an anabolic standpoint) on each other.
INSULIN AND CAPTOPRIL
Captopril is an angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE)inhibitor. Its' medical function is to reduce blood pressure. The reason it is included here is because it can have great effects with insulin and AS. I wouldn't reccomend captopril to anyone unless you are hypertensive or are using AS, because it can drop blood pressure to a sub-normal level. A reason captopril is so great is because it increases endogenous growth hormone levels, which you know can be amazing, assuming you've read last month's article. Another benefit to captopril is its' decrease in protein urea(protein loss in urine). No other drug I'm aware of, including AS, GH, or insulin, does this. This means that there will be more protein for those other anabolic drugs to assimilate! Another great use of captopril is the fat loss effect it has. For me it removes the necessity of HCA while using insulin (with AS). Although I still use one 250mgs of HCA/day just for good measure, I could probably get away witho!ut it despite the extreme carb intake after a workout. On a more esoteric note, long term captopril use actually prevents the formation of new Alpha2 adregenic receptors, which would further potentiate fat loss. Also, water retention is minimized through captopril use, which ties into the blood pressure effects. A potential risk while using captopril with insulin is that both drugs do a good job of making one tired/sleepy. Add in a late night, high intensity workout and you'rer ready for bedtime. One can NOT fall asleep while using insulin or you would experience all of the dangerous side effects associated with its' use. A final warning about captopril is that it increases the retention of potassium which makes hyperkalemia (too much potassium)a possibility. Unexcessive intake of this electrolyte should allow for avoidance of any problems in most people. This stack really doesn't have any problems associated with it, as long as common sense is used. It is merely a matter !of responsibility to point out every potential problem, sim!ply so it can be avoided. It should be noted that beta agonists and even working out increase proteinurea.
A GRAPH OF PEAKING TIMES OF HUMAN INSULIN
SOME STUDIES ON PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, REGARDING INSULIN
INSULIN increases protein sythesis by %50 when infused in healthy peoplem (Biolo, et al, 1995).
RESISTANCE EXERCISE stimulate protein synthesis rates by %100 (Biolo, et al. 1995).
An infusion (not ingestion) of AMINO ACIDS- elevate protein synthesis by %150 (Biolo, et al. 1997).
Same mixture of AMINO ACIDS IFUSED AFTER EXERCISE increases synthesis rates by %200 (Tipton, et al. 1999).
Combination of RESISTANCE EXERCISE AND 6g ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS AND 35g SUCROSE consumed 1-3 hours after exercise increased rates by %400 (Rasmussen, et al. 2000)!!!
ALSO SOME GOOD INFO HERE, I FOUND:
INSULIN INFO I FOUND
A number of researchers have declared Insulin to be “the greatest anabolic hormone,” which makes the control of Insulin secretion a matter of great interest to bodybuilders who train drug-free. We don’t want to insult your intelligence, but before we discuss this hormone’s anabolic properties, it must be said here and now that if you are not an Insulin-dependent diabetic, Insulin injections can kill you. Some athletes have tried injections and almost died. Insulin can make you weak, or it can make you strong. It can make you fat, or it can make you lean. The key to making it work for you is to learn to control your body’s secretion of it.
Form & Function
This vital and powerful element’s role is to make nutrients in the bloodstream available to body tissues. Even in healthy individuals, abnormality in Insulin secretions brought on by poor eating habits and lack of exercise may cause serious metabolic disorders. For example, prolonged poor eating habits can result in type II diabetes accompanied by obesity or, on the other end of the continuum, hypoglycemia. In understanding the roll Insulin plays in health & weight management, it would be a good idea to have a six-hour-fasted blood sugar test performed to ensure that your Insulin secretions are healthy (The normal range for fasted blood sugar is between 70 and 110 mg/dcl.).
To help you further understand how Insulin functions, here is a simplified explanation of a process that is otherwise quite complicated. Your body breaks down all ingested carbohydrates into simple sugars in your small intestine. These simple sugars are absorbed into the bloodstream and enter the liver. The liver converts them into glucose, the body’s only usable form of simple sugar. This glucose is then introduced back into the bloodstream.
The bloodstream’s capacity for glucose is about 80 calories. When the newly ingested glucose raises the blood sugar level in excess of this capacity, the pancreas releases Insulin into the bloodstream to transport the excess glucose to body tissues. This excess glucose is said to be “Insulin-carried.” Insulin must be present for the uptake of glucose in all body tissues except the brain.
The first stop for this Insulin-carried glucose is the liver, where it is stored as glycogen. The liver has the potential to store about 300 to 400 calories of glycogen. When the liver stores are filled and there is still excess Insulin-carried glucose present in the blood, the next stop, if there is recovery taking place due to resistance exercise, is the muscle tissue.
If there is still more Insulin-carried blood glucose after the liver and muscle tissue have taken in all they can handle, the excess will be rapidly stored in extramuscular fat cells. *It is worth mentioning at this point that the liver and muscle tissues take up Insulin-carried glucose quite gradually as opposed to the way it is rapidly taken up into fat cells.
Insulin & Amino Acids
Another of Insulin’s less understood functions is that it must be present to open “Insulin receptor sites” in muscle. This allows amino acids to move into the tissue fibers and serve as building blocks for repair and growth. Insulin release into the blood is not stimulated by eating proteins, however. You can ensure that Insulin will be present for amino acid uptake which is essential for protein synthesis, by taking in sufficient amounts of carbohydrates along with your complete proteins.
If you do not eat often enough - that is to say, if your meals are more than about four hours apart your Insulin, amino acid, and blood sugar levels will gradually drop off. Since there won’t be any Insulin present, anabolism or growth, will cease until such a time as you take in adequate complex carbohydrates and complete proteins to again cause an appropriate amount of Insulin release to open muscle receptor sites.
Anabolism is most effective when Insulin is continually present, which allows for the continual uptake of glucose and amino acids by the recovering muscle tissue. The most effective way to make this happen is by ingesting complete proteins and sufficient amounts of complex carbohydrates frequently throughout the day. This will cause the body to release moderate amounts of Insulin. Since amino acids remain available in the blood for protein synthesis for only three to four hours, you should take in complete proteins and complex carbs every three to four hours. Thus, when you’re working to build muscle, it is essential to time your meals in order for Insulin to be present and anabolism to steadily continue.
If you don’t eat enough complex carbs in each meal, your blood sugar levels may not be high enough to stimulate Insulin release and anabolism cannot occur even in the presence of abundant amounts of complete proteins.
On the other hand, if you take in too many carbohydrates in your meals, you’ll release too much Insulin, and the muscles will be provided with more Insulin-carried glucose than they can handle. This surplus of over-ingested glucose will be rapidly stored in fat cells.
If you take in simple sugars, your blood sugar will rise too fast, causing an over-release of Insulin. This overabundance of Insulin will quickly remove almost all glucose from the blood stream. Since liver and muscle tissue takes up glucose gradually, and fat deposits are stored more rapidly, most of this Insulin-carried glucose will end up in fat cells. Your blood sugar level and subsequently, your Insulin level will drop, and anabolism will stop until you once again ingest adequate complex carbohydrates and complete proteins.
Optimal Insulin Secretions
Consulting a glycemic index chart may help you achieve optimal Insulin secretions. The index classifies carbohydrates based on their absorption rate into the bloodstream. You need to keep this absorption rate as low as possible to avoid the aforementioned over-release of Insulin. Even though certain natural healthy food such as potatoes and carrots are simple sugars and rate somewhat high on this index, you can still eat them as long as you combine them with other low-glycemic-index carbs. This will act to offset or 'compromise' their combined rate of absorption.
The index rates foods on a scale of 0 to 110 - the higher the number, the faster the absorption rate. Ingesting soluble fiber will also act to slow absorption. Soluble fiber is present in almost all natural complex carbohydrates. It is also important to note that intense training opens muscle tissue Insulin receptor sites, which makes it unnecessary to ingest large amounts of carbohydrates for Insulin presence prior to and during resistance training.
Energy Crash Course
The prolonged absence of resistance exercise causes muscle tissue to become relatively inactive, especially the mitochondrial components. This simply means that, in time, the mitochondria may no longer know how to efficiently use glucose energy after a workout. Even in the presence of Insulin, untrained muscle receptor sites may fail to take up glucose efficiently. This is generally the case in the beginning weight trainer.
During the first week of training you must immediately provide these mitochondria with what they need the most for energy replenishment after an exercise session-glucose. After you finish working out, perform some sort of activity at about 50 percent of your maximum heart rate for 10 to 15 minutes while you ingest from 80 to 200 calories of simple sugar. This may seem a little unorthodox, but it is physiologically sound. Your blood glucose levels will dramatically increase within five to seven minutes stimulating the release of Insulin and opening muscle tissue receptor sites. Since it is a physiological fact that *1) fat from adipose tissue (extramuscular fat) cannot be stored and released at the same time, and *2) fatty acids and glycerol from adipose tissue must be released from fat cells during the performance of exercises, the new Insulin-carried glucose you've ingested cannot be taken up by fat cells as long as you perform the activity.
In light of these facts, this new Insulin-carried glucose has no other choice but to be driven directly into the post-workout depleted muscle tissues, where it is forced-fed to the mitochondria. After a few workouts you can stop ingesting simple sugar during the post-workout activity. Insulin will have provided the once sedentary muscle tissue with a crash course in energy uptake.
As you can see, intense training and three square meals a day just aren’t enough if you’re after rapid gains in muscle mass. Insulin control is paramount.
Chad Nicholls and Milos advise their clients of
something VERY similar.
1. doing insulin daily will make you insensitive to it's effects
2. insulin is best when used after workout
3. second best time is morning
4. to stave off hypo-- take in minimum 10grams of carbs per iu
of slin.
5. I prefer Humulin R (out in 4 hours or less)-- rapid peak
6. When you do a shot of slin--- get your initial carbs within
5-10 minutes later (prefer liquid or fruit) and then a meal with
SLOWER releasing carbs an hour later.
7. I would start with 5iu and work up to 12-15iu if you want.
Here's PLAN #1
eat normal prior to w/out
after w/out--- take 5iu of Humulin R
5 minutes later-- take in 50grams of liquid carbs and 50grams
protein--> NO FAT (as little as possible)
45 minutes later-- take in another 100grams of carbs from
rice/yams/potato etc... and another 50grams of protein (2 chix
breasts)--> NO FAT (as little as possible)
continue to eat every 2.5 hours....
Here's PLAN #2
do the above PLAN #1 EVERYTIME you workout
pick 2 days (I prefer the days following my more TROUBLESOME
bodyparts) to use Humulin R in the morning
SAME DEAL with food timing as above....
take slin first thing with liquid carbs and protein
EAT 45 minutes later... etc.....
IF at anytime during the day you feel lightheaded, sweaty, cold
flashes WHILE HOT, blurry eyed--- drink some juice or soda (not
diet)--- you may have symptoms of going into hypo. With the
level of insulin you'll be using--- this will prolly NEVER
HAPPEN. But if it does--- it will pass in 4-5 minutes of
injesting some liquid carbs.
Why Insulin works:
Androgen/Insulin Synergy
By Michalovich Greutstein
Should anabolics be used with insulin or is it best to use insulin while off steroids in order to hold onto muscle mass?
We are going to demonstrate that they have to be used together. We will also try to provide some clues about their respective contribution to the synergy both hormones create. This will help us to handle both drugs better.
Here are some general observations:
It is safe to conclude something else is needed to uncover the full anabolic effect of steriods.The hormone which is the most affected by a high calorie or by a low calorie diet is insulin.Also, heavy anabolics users know that past a certain amount of anabolics adding insulin will make a big difference as far as muscle gains are concerned.Insulin is thus a strong candidate as a potentiator of anabolic steroids (which we will indiscriminately refer to as androgens, steroids or anabolics).Furthermore, studies performed in trained dogs have shown a lack of insulin completely negates the anabolic effects of anabolics on protein synthesis.There are some easy hypotheses such as a possible androgen receptor upregulation, a stimulation of androgen secretion, an antiaromatase effect arising from insulin. But, there is still something missing.
Using anabolics plus insulin will not make you much bigger unless you weight train. The synergy can only be realized if insulin + steroids + training are present. What is the link between those three factors?
A very likely candidate is an enzyme called insulinase. As its name implies, it is an enzyme responsible for the destruction of insulin. But we are going to see it does much more than that.
It is found inside many tissues of the body, particularly in muscle. What science is telling us is that insulinase is essential for insulin to provide its anti-catabolic effect on our muscles. It is also likely that insulinase is able to multiply the anabolic effects of androgens. It's worth repeating: insulin cannot stop protein catabolism without insulinase and the effects of steroids are potentiated by insulinase. It sure looks good.
Androgens are very powerful stimulators of the muscle protein synthesis rate. On the other hand, the muscle gains provided by androgens do not match this elevation in synthesis. steroids promote anabolism to a much higher rate than they make our muscles grow.
The reason for this discrepancy is that they also stimulate protein degradation. I know many people think they are anti-catabolic, but it is not the case. Anabolics stimulate protein turnover. This means they increase both synthesis and degradation of proteins. They are simply more effective at stimulating synthesis than degradation, which is why they make our muscles grow but not at a super fast rate. Look at how long it takes to grow huge muscles. If androgens were stimulating synthesis while inhibiting degradation, one would grow very, very quickly.
This is where insulin comes in. As we said, it mostly reduces protein degradation rate. It might stimulate protein synthesis right after training, but this effect is very limited in duration. Ideally, using insulin along with steroids would allow us to accelerate synthesis (thanks to anabolics) and reduce degradation (thanks to insulin). This is the best way to grow muscle fast.
Unfortunately, as both insulin and anabolics need insulinase to work better, they will compete against each other for this enzyme. For natural athletes, the supply of muscle insulinase should roughly meet the demand. Now if you add anabolics, there will be less insulinase for insulin. If you do not take too high a dose of steroids, the level of insulinase should still be sufficient to allow a fair insulin-induced anti-catabolism.
But as you take more steroids, the insulinase available for insulin will be lower and lower.
Insulin will lose its anti-catabolic effect. As it will still bind some insulinase, the enzyme availability for steroids will not be optimal either. Anabolics will lose some of their potency.
What is important to understand is that past a certain dose, anabolics will provide their own antidote against muscle growth. The only solution (beside using less steroids) is to increase insulinase level.
At least two factors can accomplish this feat:
The first one is insulin itself. The higher the insulin level is in a target organ (muscle for example) the higher the insulinase level will be. You would expect that the body would detect the shortage of insulinase for insulin and so produce more insulin (or more insulinase).
Unfortunately, this does not seem to be the case. While insulinase is crucial for the anti-catabolic effect of insulin, it does not seem as important for glucose disposal.
Insulin's main function is not to assist in muscle growth but to control glucose homeostasis. As a result, it is likely our body does not really care about a relative shortage of insulinase. In any case, we are left with a less than optimal equilibrium. It is up to the bodybuilder to react to this imbalance.
One way of increasing insulin secretion is to eat more, but you can only do so up to a point. You cannot increase your carb intake in parallel with the amount of *******s without getting too fat. Another solution is to use drugs to add or to stimulate insulin secretion. This way you get the insulin without the excess of calories.
In any case you now understand why steroids work better while on a high calorie diet while they lose their potency during a diet or a shortage of insulin.
Here is a way of "artificially increasing insulin level": One dose of long acting insulin first thing in the morning (this is the only injection). Before each meal (except the pre-workout one), take a sulfonylurea (an oral anti-diabetic drug which will boost food induced insulin secretion ). I like Glipizide because of its short half-life. In case you experience hypoglycemia, you know it will not last. This is the main problem with the long acting sulfonylureas. When you are hypoglycemic, you try to compensate by absorbing carbs. But the drug will make your pancreas secrete even more insulin before the carbs can hit the blood. It makes the hypoglycemia worse - not better.
In case of problems, make sure you get some ready-to-inject Glucagon (sold as "insulin emergency kits" in drugstores). An additional benefit of the Glipizide is that it induces the release of GH on top of insulin which is beneficial for non diabetics.
This is a nice way to fix the reduced anticatabolic property of insulin. Unfortunately, this will not yet provide the optimal amount of insulinase to have steroids work better.
We said that training was the third key ingredient in this synergy. This is because training can stimulate insulinase activity. Not any exercise will do. The traumatic ones inducing muscle soreness are the most effective. It is the factors inducing soreness which will trigger this increase in insulinase.
On the other hand, you do not want to create too much soreness as it will temporarily reduce the effects of insulin and androgens by impairing their effects at the level of their respective receptors. What you want is mild but frequent soreness along with some very frequent pumping sessions.
Do not forget both androgens and insulin circulate in the blood. The more blood you get into the muscles (and the longer it stays), the more your muscles will be "drenched" in those two hormones. Please note that insulinase is produced locally in the trained muscles only. It does not circulate into the blood.
"From what I can tell, fructose is better for liver glycogen repletion rather than skeletal muscle glycogen repletion, which is what we are going for when using slin.
Regulation of glycogen resynthesis following exercise. Dietary considerations.
Friedman JE, Neufer PD, Dohm GL.
Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina.
With the cessation of exercise, glycogen repletion begins to take place rapidly in skeletal muscle and can result in glycogen levels higher than those present before exercise. Understanding the rate-limiting steps that regulate glycogen synthesis will provide us with strategies to increase the resynthesis of glycogen during recovery from exercise, and thus improve performance. Given the importance of muscle glycogen to endurance performance, various factors which may optimise glycogen resynthesis rate and insure complete restoration have been of interest to both the scientist and athlete. The time required for complete muscle glycogen resynthesis after prolonged moderate intensity exercise is generally considered to be 24 hours provided approximately 500 to 700g of carbohydrate is ingested. Muscle glycogen synthesis rate is highest during the first 2 hours after exercise. Ingestion of 0.70g glucose/kg bodyweight every 2 hours appears to maximise glycogen resynthesis rate at approximately 5 to 6 mumol/g wet weight/h during the first 4 to 6 hours after exhaustive exercise. Further enhancement of glycogen resynthesis rate with ingestion of greater than 0.70g glucose/kg bodyweight appears to be limited by the constraints imposed by gastric emptying. Ingestion of glucose or sucrose results in similar muscle glycogen resynthesis rates while glycogen synthesis in liver is better served with the ingestion of fructose. Also, increases in muscle glycogen content during the first 4 to 6 hours after exercise are greater with ingestion of simple as compared with complex carbohydrate. Glycogen synthase activity is a key component in the regulation of glycogen resynthesis. Glycogen synthase enzyme exists in 2 states: the less active, more phosphorylated (D) form which is under allosteric control of glucose-6-phosphate, and the more active, less phosphorylated (I) form which is independent of glucose-6-phosphate. There is generally an inverse relationship between glycogen content in muscle and the percentage synthase in the activated (I) form. Exercise and insulin by themselves activate glycogen synthase by conversion to glycogen synthase I. Although small changes in the activity ratio (% I form) can lead to large changes in the rate of glycogen synthesis, glycogen synthase I appears to increase very little (approximately 25%) in response to glycogen depletion and returns to pre-exercise levels as glycogen levels return to normal. Thus glycogen resynthesis, which may increase 3- to 5-fold, may also be influenced by glucose-6-phosphate, which can activate glycogen synthase in the D form.(
Also:
Effects of glucose or fructose feeding on glycogen repletion in muscle and liver after exercise or fasting.
Conlee RK, Lawler RM, Ross PE.
In athletics, muscle and liver glycogen content is critical to endurance. This study compared the effectiveness of glucose and fructose feeding on restoring glycogen content after glycogen was decreased by exercise (90-min swim) or fasting (24 h). After 2 h of recovery from either exercise or fasting there was no measurable glycogen repletion in red vastus lateralis muscle in response to fructose. In contrast, glucose feeding induced a similar and significant carbohydrate storage after both depletion treatments (8.44 mumol X g-1 X 2 h-1). In the liver, following 2 h of recovery, the rates of glycogen storage were similar after either glucose or fructose ingestion, but fasting caused a greater rate of repletion (83 mumol X g-1 X 2 h-1) than exercise (50 mumol X g-1 X 2 h-1). After 4 h of recovery fructose-fed exercised animals had the highest glycogen concentration (165 mumol X g-1) followed by the glucose-fed exercised group (119 mumol X g-1). These values were 50 and 36%, respectively, of that measured in the normal-fed liver (327 mumol X g-1). In contrast, liver glycogen values in the fasted group decreased between the 2nd and 4th hour of recovery in response to both feeding regimens.
From these results we conclude that fructose is a poor nutritional precursor for rapid glycogen restoration in muscle after exercise, but that both glucose and fructose promote rapid accumulation of glycogen in the liver."
OK, KNOW THAT WE HAVE THAT OUT OF THE WAY, IN THIS THREAD YOU WILL FIND INFO, THAT I HAVE FOUND PERTINENT TO THE TOPIC AT HAND *INSULIN-
what is insulin?
Insulin is a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas that controls the metabolism and cellular uptake of sugars, proteins, and fats. As a drug, it is used principally to control diabetes. Insulin is not a steroid.
Why Would u want to use insulin?
Insulin has been called "Anabolicus Maximus" by some gurus of the bodybuilding world. Insulin can give you greater gains than you have ever had using anabolics alone. Insulin, in combination with androgens and resistance exercise, may trigger maturation of satellite muscle cells (small, more or less useless cells that are held in reserve, which do not contribute to muscular strength) into mature muscle cells that do contribute to muscular size and strength. How freakin cool is that. Hyperinsulinemia has been shown to stimulate protein synthesis in isolated limb infusion experiments , these anabolic properties seem to be the result of insulin binding to IGF-1 receptors.
How much insulin should u take?
I recommend never using more than 20iu. 10IU is enough to make you grow.
In general Dosages used are usually 1-4 IU per 20 pounds of "lean bodyweight."
So a 220lb bodybuilder with 9% body-fat would use 10iu of insulin(aprox200lb lean mass/20 = 10iu).
But even experienced insulin users shouldn't use max dosage at the beginning of an insulin cycle. First-time users should start at a low dosage and gradually work up. For example, first begin with 2 IU and then increase the dosage by 1 IU every consecutive workout until you reach your calculated dose or determine a maximum personal dose(some people are more sensitive to insulin sides like hypoglycemia). This will allow the athlete to determine a dosage he can safely use. Insulin dosages can vary significantly among athletes and are dependent upon insulin sensitivity and the use of other drugs. Athletes using growth hormone and thyroid might have higher insulin requirements.
When do u take insulin?
It is my opinion that you should only take insulin after a work out, never before or when not working out, because before a work out you could crash and die during the workout and when your not working out it makes you fat. Some people disagree with this. IF you want, get some info from them and try it. But remember I told ya so.
When do u eat after using insulin?
Immediately!!! DO NOT TRY TO TIME YOUR CONSUMPTION OF CARBS!! You should immediately take a carbohydrate AND protein drink after taking you're insulin. I've stated this twice because it is very important. Even experienced insulin users can get a surprise now and then.
Eat a meal at about an hour after using insulin. Consume another small high protein medium carb low fat meal at 2.5 hours after the injection. keep some gatoraid on hand just to make sure. Remember that insulin can still work much later so be careful and eat if you feel hypoglycemia symptoms.
INSULIN AND THYROID HORMONES
With the huge increases in fat mass often accompanying insulin use, it seems like a simple solution to use thyroid hormone. Unfortunately, this doesn't work out very well. The reason is that thyroid hormone (specifically T3 and possibly T4) increases the amount of the "bad" IGF1-BP's mentioned earlier;IGFBP2 and IGFBP4. This may not seem like a big deal if one is not using drugs to stimulate IGF-1 synthesis, but IGF-1 levels are naturally stimulated through acts like stretching, and even natural testosterone/GH increases. All of these things normally accompany workouts (if you know what you're doing), which is the best time to take insulin. So by having all of the free IGF-1 bound by IGFBP3s' evil siblings, much of the anabolic effect of insulin is lost! Since T3 (triiodothyronine) is the main culprit, does that mean that T4 (tetraiodothyronine) can be used with no detrimental effect? NO, because T4 is mostly effective by converting to T3, which leaves you with the same problem. In fact, T4 could very well do the same thing. So if you want to maximize the anabolic effectiveness of insulin while minimizing bodyfat accumulation, use another fat burner and leave the thyroid alone.
ALSO IMO, YOU SHOULD NOT USE ALCOHOL, IT THINS BLOOD AND LOWERS BOOLD SUGAR LEVELS!!!
INSULIN AND CLENBUTEROL UPDATE
This may look like an ideal combination at first, but research has shown why my muscle gains with this combo were minimal. Clen reduces insulin sensitivity, which means that insulin will have a much harder time doing its' anabolic job on muscle tissue. In addition to storing amino acids as muscle, insulin also stores carbs in muscle (which gives a very "full" look to the muscles), which reduced insulin sensitivity also hinders. This is also combined with the fact that clen reduces Glut-4 transporters (which allow glucose passage, and subsequent storage, into muscle) in skeletal muscle which probably accounts for clens' ability to reduce muscle glycogen concentration. On a lighter note, the fat burning effects of clen are potentiated by aspirin and caffeine (through personal experience) but still die off after a few weeks. Overall the only time I would recommend this combination occurs when coming off a cycle and every bit of anabolism is needed, otherwise the two drugs have a bad effect (from an anabolic standpoint) on each other.
INSULIN AND CAPTOPRIL
Captopril is an angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE)inhibitor. Its' medical function is to reduce blood pressure. The reason it is included here is because it can have great effects with insulin and AS. I wouldn't reccomend captopril to anyone unless you are hypertensive or are using AS, because it can drop blood pressure to a sub-normal level. A reason captopril is so great is because it increases endogenous growth hormone levels, which you know can be amazing, assuming you've read last month's article. Another benefit to captopril is its' decrease in protein urea(protein loss in urine). No other drug I'm aware of, including AS, GH, or insulin, does this. This means that there will be more protein for those other anabolic drugs to assimilate! Another great use of captopril is the fat loss effect it has. For me it removes the necessity of HCA while using insulin (with AS). Although I still use one 250mgs of HCA/day just for good measure, I could probably get away witho!ut it despite the extreme carb intake after a workout. On a more esoteric note, long term captopril use actually prevents the formation of new Alpha2 adregenic receptors, which would further potentiate fat loss. Also, water retention is minimized through captopril use, which ties into the blood pressure effects. A potential risk while using captopril with insulin is that both drugs do a good job of making one tired/sleepy. Add in a late night, high intensity workout and you'rer ready for bedtime. One can NOT fall asleep while using insulin or you would experience all of the dangerous side effects associated with its' use. A final warning about captopril is that it increases the retention of potassium which makes hyperkalemia (too much potassium)a possibility. Unexcessive intake of this electrolyte should allow for avoidance of any problems in most people. This stack really doesn't have any problems associated with it, as long as common sense is used. It is merely a matter !of responsibility to point out every potential problem, sim!ply so it can be avoided. It should be noted that beta agonists and even working out increase proteinurea.
A GRAPH OF PEAKING TIMES OF HUMAN INSULIN
SOME STUDIES ON PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, REGARDING INSULIN
INSULIN increases protein sythesis by %50 when infused in healthy peoplem (Biolo, et al, 1995).
RESISTANCE EXERCISE stimulate protein synthesis rates by %100 (Biolo, et al. 1995).
An infusion (not ingestion) of AMINO ACIDS- elevate protein synthesis by %150 (Biolo, et al. 1997).
Same mixture of AMINO ACIDS IFUSED AFTER EXERCISE increases synthesis rates by %200 (Tipton, et al. 1999).
Combination of RESISTANCE EXERCISE AND 6g ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS AND 35g SUCROSE consumed 1-3 hours after exercise increased rates by %400 (Rasmussen, et al. 2000)!!!
ALSO SOME GOOD INFO HERE, I FOUND:
INSULIN INFO I FOUND
A number of researchers have declared Insulin to be “the greatest anabolic hormone,” which makes the control of Insulin secretion a matter of great interest to bodybuilders who train drug-free. We don’t want to insult your intelligence, but before we discuss this hormone’s anabolic properties, it must be said here and now that if you are not an Insulin-dependent diabetic, Insulin injections can kill you. Some athletes have tried injections and almost died. Insulin can make you weak, or it can make you strong. It can make you fat, or it can make you lean. The key to making it work for you is to learn to control your body’s secretion of it.
Form & Function
This vital and powerful element’s role is to make nutrients in the bloodstream available to body tissues. Even in healthy individuals, abnormality in Insulin secretions brought on by poor eating habits and lack of exercise may cause serious metabolic disorders. For example, prolonged poor eating habits can result in type II diabetes accompanied by obesity or, on the other end of the continuum, hypoglycemia. In understanding the roll Insulin plays in health & weight management, it would be a good idea to have a six-hour-fasted blood sugar test performed to ensure that your Insulin secretions are healthy (The normal range for fasted blood sugar is between 70 and 110 mg/dcl.).
To help you further understand how Insulin functions, here is a simplified explanation of a process that is otherwise quite complicated. Your body breaks down all ingested carbohydrates into simple sugars in your small intestine. These simple sugars are absorbed into the bloodstream and enter the liver. The liver converts them into glucose, the body’s only usable form of simple sugar. This glucose is then introduced back into the bloodstream.
The bloodstream’s capacity for glucose is about 80 calories. When the newly ingested glucose raises the blood sugar level in excess of this capacity, the pancreas releases Insulin into the bloodstream to transport the excess glucose to body tissues. This excess glucose is said to be “Insulin-carried.” Insulin must be present for the uptake of glucose in all body tissues except the brain.
The first stop for this Insulin-carried glucose is the liver, where it is stored as glycogen. The liver has the potential to store about 300 to 400 calories of glycogen. When the liver stores are filled and there is still excess Insulin-carried glucose present in the blood, the next stop, if there is recovery taking place due to resistance exercise, is the muscle tissue.
If there is still more Insulin-carried blood glucose after the liver and muscle tissue have taken in all they can handle, the excess will be rapidly stored in extramuscular fat cells. *It is worth mentioning at this point that the liver and muscle tissues take up Insulin-carried glucose quite gradually as opposed to the way it is rapidly taken up into fat cells.
Insulin & Amino Acids
Another of Insulin’s less understood functions is that it must be present to open “Insulin receptor sites” in muscle. This allows amino acids to move into the tissue fibers and serve as building blocks for repair and growth. Insulin release into the blood is not stimulated by eating proteins, however. You can ensure that Insulin will be present for amino acid uptake which is essential for protein synthesis, by taking in sufficient amounts of carbohydrates along with your complete proteins.
If you do not eat often enough - that is to say, if your meals are more than about four hours apart your Insulin, amino acid, and blood sugar levels will gradually drop off. Since there won’t be any Insulin present, anabolism or growth, will cease until such a time as you take in adequate complex carbohydrates and complete proteins to again cause an appropriate amount of Insulin release to open muscle receptor sites.
Anabolism is most effective when Insulin is continually present, which allows for the continual uptake of glucose and amino acids by the recovering muscle tissue. The most effective way to make this happen is by ingesting complete proteins and sufficient amounts of complex carbohydrates frequently throughout the day. This will cause the body to release moderate amounts of Insulin. Since amino acids remain available in the blood for protein synthesis for only three to four hours, you should take in complete proteins and complex carbs every three to four hours. Thus, when you’re working to build muscle, it is essential to time your meals in order for Insulin to be present and anabolism to steadily continue.
If you don’t eat enough complex carbs in each meal, your blood sugar levels may not be high enough to stimulate Insulin release and anabolism cannot occur even in the presence of abundant amounts of complete proteins.
On the other hand, if you take in too many carbohydrates in your meals, you’ll release too much Insulin, and the muscles will be provided with more Insulin-carried glucose than they can handle. This surplus of over-ingested glucose will be rapidly stored in fat cells.
If you take in simple sugars, your blood sugar will rise too fast, causing an over-release of Insulin. This overabundance of Insulin will quickly remove almost all glucose from the blood stream. Since liver and muscle tissue takes up glucose gradually, and fat deposits are stored more rapidly, most of this Insulin-carried glucose will end up in fat cells. Your blood sugar level and subsequently, your Insulin level will drop, and anabolism will stop until you once again ingest adequate complex carbohydrates and complete proteins.
Optimal Insulin Secretions
Consulting a glycemic index chart may help you achieve optimal Insulin secretions. The index classifies carbohydrates based on their absorption rate into the bloodstream. You need to keep this absorption rate as low as possible to avoid the aforementioned over-release of Insulin. Even though certain natural healthy food such as potatoes and carrots are simple sugars and rate somewhat high on this index, you can still eat them as long as you combine them with other low-glycemic-index carbs. This will act to offset or 'compromise' their combined rate of absorption.
The index rates foods on a scale of 0 to 110 - the higher the number, the faster the absorption rate. Ingesting soluble fiber will also act to slow absorption. Soluble fiber is present in almost all natural complex carbohydrates. It is also important to note that intense training opens muscle tissue Insulin receptor sites, which makes it unnecessary to ingest large amounts of carbohydrates for Insulin presence prior to and during resistance training.
Energy Crash Course
The prolonged absence of resistance exercise causes muscle tissue to become relatively inactive, especially the mitochondrial components. This simply means that, in time, the mitochondria may no longer know how to efficiently use glucose energy after a workout. Even in the presence of Insulin, untrained muscle receptor sites may fail to take up glucose efficiently. This is generally the case in the beginning weight trainer.
During the first week of training you must immediately provide these mitochondria with what they need the most for energy replenishment after an exercise session-glucose. After you finish working out, perform some sort of activity at about 50 percent of your maximum heart rate for 10 to 15 minutes while you ingest from 80 to 200 calories of simple sugar. This may seem a little unorthodox, but it is physiologically sound. Your blood glucose levels will dramatically increase within five to seven minutes stimulating the release of Insulin and opening muscle tissue receptor sites. Since it is a physiological fact that *1) fat from adipose tissue (extramuscular fat) cannot be stored and released at the same time, and *2) fatty acids and glycerol from adipose tissue must be released from fat cells during the performance of exercises, the new Insulin-carried glucose you've ingested cannot be taken up by fat cells as long as you perform the activity.
In light of these facts, this new Insulin-carried glucose has no other choice but to be driven directly into the post-workout depleted muscle tissues, where it is forced-fed to the mitochondria. After a few workouts you can stop ingesting simple sugar during the post-workout activity. Insulin will have provided the once sedentary muscle tissue with a crash course in energy uptake.
As you can see, intense training and three square meals a day just aren’t enough if you’re after rapid gains in muscle mass. Insulin control is paramount.
Chad Nicholls and Milos advise their clients of
something VERY similar.
1. doing insulin daily will make you insensitive to it's effects
2. insulin is best when used after workout
3. second best time is morning
4. to stave off hypo-- take in minimum 10grams of carbs per iu
of slin.
5. I prefer Humulin R (out in 4 hours or less)-- rapid peak
6. When you do a shot of slin--- get your initial carbs within
5-10 minutes later (prefer liquid or fruit) and then a meal with
SLOWER releasing carbs an hour later.
7. I would start with 5iu and work up to 12-15iu if you want.
Here's PLAN #1
eat normal prior to w/out
after w/out--- take 5iu of Humulin R
5 minutes later-- take in 50grams of liquid carbs and 50grams
protein--> NO FAT (as little as possible)
45 minutes later-- take in another 100grams of carbs from
rice/yams/potato etc... and another 50grams of protein (2 chix
breasts)--> NO FAT (as little as possible)
continue to eat every 2.5 hours....
Here's PLAN #2
do the above PLAN #1 EVERYTIME you workout
pick 2 days (I prefer the days following my more TROUBLESOME
bodyparts) to use Humulin R in the morning
SAME DEAL with food timing as above....
take slin first thing with liquid carbs and protein
EAT 45 minutes later... etc.....
IF at anytime during the day you feel lightheaded, sweaty, cold
flashes WHILE HOT, blurry eyed--- drink some juice or soda (not
diet)--- you may have symptoms of going into hypo. With the
level of insulin you'll be using--- this will prolly NEVER
HAPPEN. But if it does--- it will pass in 4-5 minutes of
injesting some liquid carbs.
Why Insulin works:
Androgen/Insulin Synergy
By Michalovich Greutstein
Should anabolics be used with insulin or is it best to use insulin while off steroids in order to hold onto muscle mass?
We are going to demonstrate that they have to be used together. We will also try to provide some clues about their respective contribution to the synergy both hormones create. This will help us to handle both drugs better.
Here are some general observations:
It is safe to conclude something else is needed to uncover the full anabolic effect of steriods.The hormone which is the most affected by a high calorie or by a low calorie diet is insulin.Also, heavy anabolics users know that past a certain amount of anabolics adding insulin will make a big difference as far as muscle gains are concerned.Insulin is thus a strong candidate as a potentiator of anabolic steroids (which we will indiscriminately refer to as androgens, steroids or anabolics).Furthermore, studies performed in trained dogs have shown a lack of insulin completely negates the anabolic effects of anabolics on protein synthesis.There are some easy hypotheses such as a possible androgen receptor upregulation, a stimulation of androgen secretion, an antiaromatase effect arising from insulin. But, there is still something missing.
Using anabolics plus insulin will not make you much bigger unless you weight train. The synergy can only be realized if insulin + steroids + training are present. What is the link between those three factors?
A very likely candidate is an enzyme called insulinase. As its name implies, it is an enzyme responsible for the destruction of insulin. But we are going to see it does much more than that.
It is found inside many tissues of the body, particularly in muscle. What science is telling us is that insulinase is essential for insulin to provide its anti-catabolic effect on our muscles. It is also likely that insulinase is able to multiply the anabolic effects of androgens. It's worth repeating: insulin cannot stop protein catabolism without insulinase and the effects of steroids are potentiated by insulinase. It sure looks good.
Androgens are very powerful stimulators of the muscle protein synthesis rate. On the other hand, the muscle gains provided by androgens do not match this elevation in synthesis. steroids promote anabolism to a much higher rate than they make our muscles grow.
The reason for this discrepancy is that they also stimulate protein degradation. I know many people think they are anti-catabolic, but it is not the case. Anabolics stimulate protein turnover. This means they increase both synthesis and degradation of proteins. They are simply more effective at stimulating synthesis than degradation, which is why they make our muscles grow but not at a super fast rate. Look at how long it takes to grow huge muscles. If androgens were stimulating synthesis while inhibiting degradation, one would grow very, very quickly.
This is where insulin comes in. As we said, it mostly reduces protein degradation rate. It might stimulate protein synthesis right after training, but this effect is very limited in duration. Ideally, using insulin along with steroids would allow us to accelerate synthesis (thanks to anabolics) and reduce degradation (thanks to insulin). This is the best way to grow muscle fast.
Unfortunately, as both insulin and anabolics need insulinase to work better, they will compete against each other for this enzyme. For natural athletes, the supply of muscle insulinase should roughly meet the demand. Now if you add anabolics, there will be less insulinase for insulin. If you do not take too high a dose of steroids, the level of insulinase should still be sufficient to allow a fair insulin-induced anti-catabolism.
But as you take more steroids, the insulinase available for insulin will be lower and lower.
Insulin will lose its anti-catabolic effect. As it will still bind some insulinase, the enzyme availability for steroids will not be optimal either. Anabolics will lose some of their potency.
What is important to understand is that past a certain dose, anabolics will provide their own antidote against muscle growth. The only solution (beside using less steroids) is to increase insulinase level.
At least two factors can accomplish this feat:
The first one is insulin itself. The higher the insulin level is in a target organ (muscle for example) the higher the insulinase level will be. You would expect that the body would detect the shortage of insulinase for insulin and so produce more insulin (or more insulinase).
Unfortunately, this does not seem to be the case. While insulinase is crucial for the anti-catabolic effect of insulin, it does not seem as important for glucose disposal.
Insulin's main function is not to assist in muscle growth but to control glucose homeostasis. As a result, it is likely our body does not really care about a relative shortage of insulinase. In any case, we are left with a less than optimal equilibrium. It is up to the bodybuilder to react to this imbalance.
One way of increasing insulin secretion is to eat more, but you can only do so up to a point. You cannot increase your carb intake in parallel with the amount of *******s without getting too fat. Another solution is to use drugs to add or to stimulate insulin secretion. This way you get the insulin without the excess of calories.
In any case you now understand why steroids work better while on a high calorie diet while they lose their potency during a diet or a shortage of insulin.
Here is a way of "artificially increasing insulin level": One dose of long acting insulin first thing in the morning (this is the only injection). Before each meal (except the pre-workout one), take a sulfonylurea (an oral anti-diabetic drug which will boost food induced insulin secretion ). I like Glipizide because of its short half-life. In case you experience hypoglycemia, you know it will not last. This is the main problem with the long acting sulfonylureas. When you are hypoglycemic, you try to compensate by absorbing carbs. But the drug will make your pancreas secrete even more insulin before the carbs can hit the blood. It makes the hypoglycemia worse - not better.
In case of problems, make sure you get some ready-to-inject Glucagon (sold as "insulin emergency kits" in drugstores). An additional benefit of the Glipizide is that it induces the release of GH on top of insulin which is beneficial for non diabetics.
This is a nice way to fix the reduced anticatabolic property of insulin. Unfortunately, this will not yet provide the optimal amount of insulinase to have steroids work better.
We said that training was the third key ingredient in this synergy. This is because training can stimulate insulinase activity. Not any exercise will do. The traumatic ones inducing muscle soreness are the most effective. It is the factors inducing soreness which will trigger this increase in insulinase.
On the other hand, you do not want to create too much soreness as it will temporarily reduce the effects of insulin and androgens by impairing their effects at the level of their respective receptors. What you want is mild but frequent soreness along with some very frequent pumping sessions.
Do not forget both androgens and insulin circulate in the blood. The more blood you get into the muscles (and the longer it stays), the more your muscles will be "drenched" in those two hormones. Please note that insulinase is produced locally in the trained muscles only. It does not circulate into the blood.
"From what I can tell, fructose is better for liver glycogen repletion rather than skeletal muscle glycogen repletion, which is what we are going for when using slin.
Regulation of glycogen resynthesis following exercise. Dietary considerations.
Friedman JE, Neufer PD, Dohm GL.
Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina.
With the cessation of exercise, glycogen repletion begins to take place rapidly in skeletal muscle and can result in glycogen levels higher than those present before exercise. Understanding the rate-limiting steps that regulate glycogen synthesis will provide us with strategies to increase the resynthesis of glycogen during recovery from exercise, and thus improve performance. Given the importance of muscle glycogen to endurance performance, various factors which may optimise glycogen resynthesis rate and insure complete restoration have been of interest to both the scientist and athlete. The time required for complete muscle glycogen resynthesis after prolonged moderate intensity exercise is generally considered to be 24 hours provided approximately 500 to 700g of carbohydrate is ingested. Muscle glycogen synthesis rate is highest during the first 2 hours after exercise. Ingestion of 0.70g glucose/kg bodyweight every 2 hours appears to maximise glycogen resynthesis rate at approximately 5 to 6 mumol/g wet weight/h during the first 4 to 6 hours after exhaustive exercise. Further enhancement of glycogen resynthesis rate with ingestion of greater than 0.70g glucose/kg bodyweight appears to be limited by the constraints imposed by gastric emptying. Ingestion of glucose or sucrose results in similar muscle glycogen resynthesis rates while glycogen synthesis in liver is better served with the ingestion of fructose. Also, increases in muscle glycogen content during the first 4 to 6 hours after exercise are greater with ingestion of simple as compared with complex carbohydrate. Glycogen synthase activity is a key component in the regulation of glycogen resynthesis. Glycogen synthase enzyme exists in 2 states: the less active, more phosphorylated (D) form which is under allosteric control of glucose-6-phosphate, and the more active, less phosphorylated (I) form which is independent of glucose-6-phosphate. There is generally an inverse relationship between glycogen content in muscle and the percentage synthase in the activated (I) form. Exercise and insulin by themselves activate glycogen synthase by conversion to glycogen synthase I. Although small changes in the activity ratio (% I form) can lead to large changes in the rate of glycogen synthesis, glycogen synthase I appears to increase very little (approximately 25%) in response to glycogen depletion and returns to pre-exercise levels as glycogen levels return to normal. Thus glycogen resynthesis, which may increase 3- to 5-fold, may also be influenced by glucose-6-phosphate, which can activate glycogen synthase in the D form.(
Also:
Effects of glucose or fructose feeding on glycogen repletion in muscle and liver after exercise or fasting.
Conlee RK, Lawler RM, Ross PE.
In athletics, muscle and liver glycogen content is critical to endurance. This study compared the effectiveness of glucose and fructose feeding on restoring glycogen content after glycogen was decreased by exercise (90-min swim) or fasting (24 h). After 2 h of recovery from either exercise or fasting there was no measurable glycogen repletion in red vastus lateralis muscle in response to fructose. In contrast, glucose feeding induced a similar and significant carbohydrate storage after both depletion treatments (8.44 mumol X g-1 X 2 h-1). In the liver, following 2 h of recovery, the rates of glycogen storage were similar after either glucose or fructose ingestion, but fasting caused a greater rate of repletion (83 mumol X g-1 X 2 h-1) than exercise (50 mumol X g-1 X 2 h-1). After 4 h of recovery fructose-fed exercised animals had the highest glycogen concentration (165 mumol X g-1) followed by the glucose-fed exercised group (119 mumol X g-1). These values were 50 and 36%, respectively, of that measured in the normal-fed liver (327 mumol X g-1). In contrast, liver glycogen values in the fasted group decreased between the 2nd and 4th hour of recovery in response to both feeding regimens.
From these results we conclude that fructose is a poor nutritional precursor for rapid glycogen restoration in muscle after exercise, but that both glucose and fructose promote rapid accumulation of glycogen in the liver."
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